| Non-Rationalised History NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Class 7th History NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
1. Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years
This chapter introduces the study of the period from roughly 700 to 1750 CE in the history of the Indian subcontinent. It highlights the continuity and changes that occurred over this thousand years, focusing on the use of historical sources like manuscripts, inscriptions, and architecture. The chapter discusses the development of new technologies, social and political groups, and religious beliefs. It also emphasizes the changing meanings of terms used in history and the challenges historians face in interpreting sources from this long and dynamic period.
2. New Kings And Kingdoms
This chapter explores the emergence of **new regional kingdoms** in the Indian subcontinent between the 7th and 12th centuries. It discusses the rise of various dynasties in different regions, such as the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, Palas, Cholas, and Chahamanas (Chauhans). The chapter examines their administrative systems, revenue collection (land grants to Brahmanas), military organisation, and conflicts, particularly for control over fertile regions like Kannauj. Understanding these regional powers is crucial for appreciating the fragmented political landscape before the major Sultanates and Empires.
3. The Delhi Sultans
This chapter discusses the establishment and rule of the **Delhi Sultanate** in India from the 13th to the 15th centuries. It covers the dynasties that ruled Delhi, including the Slave dynasty, Khaljis, Tughluqs, Sayyids, and Lodis. The chapter explores the expansion of the Sultanate, its administration (e.g., Iqta system, revenue collection), military organization, and the impact of their rule on society and culture. Monuments like the Qutb Minar are discussed as sources of history. Understanding the Delhi Sultans is key to tracing the arrival of Turkish rule and significant political changes in North India.
4. The Mughal Empire
This chapter explores the rise, expansion, administration, and decline of the powerful **Mughal Empire** in India (16th to 18th centuries). It discusses key emperors like Babur, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The chapter examines their successful military strategies, administrative system (Mansabdari, Jagirdari), land revenue policy (Ain-i-Akbari), and religious policies. Mughal architecture (e.g., Taj Mahal) and court culture are also discussed. Understanding the Mughal Empire is crucial for appreciating a significant period of centralized rule, cultural synthesis, and economic activity in Indian history.
5. Rulers And Buildings
This chapter examines the relationship between **rulers** and the **buildings** they constructed in medieval India. It discusses how rulers commissioned buildings like forts, palaces, mosques, temples, and tombs, not only for utility but also to demonstrate their power, wealth, and religious devotion. The chapter highlights architectural styles, materials used, and technological advancements in construction during this period (e.g., arch, dome). Examples from various dynasties (Delhi Sultans, Mughals, Rajputs, etc.) showcase the diverse architectural heritage created under different rulers across India.
6. Towns, Traders And Craftspersons
This chapter explores the economic and social life of medieval India by focusing on **towns**, **traders**, and **craftspersons**. It discusses different types of towns (temple towns, administrative centres, commercial towns). The chapter examines the vibrant **trade networks** within India and with other parts of Asia and Africa, involving Indian textiles, spices, and other goods. The lives and organizations of various groups of craftspersons (e.g., weavers, metalworkers) are highlighted. Understanding these aspects provides insight into the urban economy, occupational structure, and social mobility in medieval Indian towns, showing their prosperity and complexity.
7. Tribes, Nomads And Settled Communities
This chapter discusses various social groups in medieval India, including **tribes**, **nomads**, and **settled communities**. It explores the lives and livelihoods of tribal societies, who often lived in forests and followed different social norms from caste-based societies. **Nomadic pastoralists** and itinerants who moved from place to place with their animals or goods are also discussed. The chapter examines their interaction with settled agricultural communities and the gradual changes occurring in these groups, highlighting the diverse social structures and ways of life existing alongside dominant settled societies in medieval India.
8. Devotional Paths To The Divine
This chapter explores the development of the **Bhakti** and **Sufi movements** in medieval India. It discusses how these popular religious movements emphasized personal devotion to God, often challenged orthodox religious practices, and transcended caste and religious boundaries. Key figures from both traditions (e.g., Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Basavanna, Kabir, Nanak, Mirabai; Sufi saints like Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya) and their teachings are highlighted. The chapter discusses the rich body of devotional literature and how these movements fostered religious tolerance, social reform, and cultural synthesis in Indian society.
9. The Making Of Regional Cultures
This chapter explores how distinct **regional cultures** developed in different parts of the Indian subcontinent during the medieval period. It discusses how factors like language, religious traditions, local art forms, dance, music, and architecture contributed to the formation of unique regional identities. The chapter examines specific examples, such as the development of regional languages, the evolution of classical dance forms, and the construction of regional temples. It highlights the diversity of cultural expressions across India and how these regional cultures interacted with broader pan-Indian traditions, creating a rich cultural mosaic.
10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations
This chapter examines the significant political changes that occurred in the **18th century** in the Indian subcontinent following the decline of the Mughal Empire. It discusses the emergence of various independent and semi-independent regional states, such as the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal, the state of Hyderabad, the Maratha confederacy, the Sikhs, and the Jats. The chapter explores the reasons for the decline of Mughal authority and the political landscape characterized by regional rivalries and power struggles, setting the stage for the expansion of British influence in India.